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In order for the mplayer command line to not become too large, the user can create a file. Finally, mplayer can be used to rip a DVD title into a. To dump out the second title from a DVD, type this:. The output file, out.
Before using mencoder it is a good idea to familiarize yourself with the options from the HTML documentation. There is a manual page, but it is not very useful without the HTML documentation.
There are innumerable ways to improve quality, lower bitrate, and change formats, and some of these tricks may make the difference between good or bad performance. Here are a couple of examples to get you going.
First a simple copy:. Improper combinations of command line options can yield output files that are unplayable even by mplayer. Thus, if you just want to rip to a file, stick to the -dumpfile in mplayer. To convert input. This has produced output playable by mplayer and xine. Since you are likely to be dissatisfied with your results the first time around, it is recommended you dump the title to a file and work on the file.
The xine video player is a project of wide scope aiming not only at being an all in one video solution, but also in producing a reusable base library and a modular executable which can be extended with plugins. The xine player is still very rough around the edges, but it is clearly off to a good start. In practice, xine requires either a fast CPU with a fast video card, or support for the XVideo extension. The GUI is usable, but a bit clumsy.
There are third party builds which do have modules for this built in them, but none of these are in the FreeBSD Ports Collection. Compared to MPlayer , xine does more for the user, but at the same time, takes some of the more fine-grained control away from the user.
The xine video player performs best on XVideo interfaces. By default, xine player will start up in a graphical user interface. The menus can then be used to open a specific file:. The software transcode is not a player, but a suite of tools for re-encoding video and audio files.
There is a manual page for transcode , but you should also consult the transcode wiki for further information and examples. The various video software packages for FreeBSD are developing rapidly. It is quite possible that in the near future many of the problems discussed here will have been resolved.
This section exists to give the reader pointers to such additional information. The MPlayer documentation is very technically informative. These documents should probably be consulted by anyone wishing to obtain a high level of expertise with UNIX video.
The MPlayer mailing list is hostile to anyone who has not bothered to read the documentation, so if you plan on making bug reports to them, RTFM. TV cards allow you to watch broadcast or cable TV on your computer. You must also ensure the board comes with a supported tuner, consult the bktr 4 manual page for a list of supported tuners. Alternatively, you may statically compile the support for the TV card in your kernel, in that case add the following lines to your kernel configuration:.
These additional device drivers are necessary because of the card components being interconnected via an I2C bus. Then build and install a new kernel. Once the support was added to your system, you have to reboot your machine.
During the boot process, your TV card should show up, like this:. Of course these messages can differ according to your hardware. However you should check if the tuner is correctly detected; it is still possible to override some of the detected parameters with sysctl 8 MIBs and kernel configuration file options.
For example, if you want to force the tuner to a Philips SECAM tuner, you should add the following line to your kernel configuration file:. If you encounter any problem with your TV card, you should check at first if the video capture chip and the tuner are really supported by the bktr 4 driver and if you used the right configuration options.
For more support and various questions about your TV card you may want to contact and use the archives of the freebsd-multimedia mailing list. FreeBSD, like any modern operating system, allows the use of image scanners. Be sure your scanner is supported by SANE prior to performing any configuration. SANE has a supported devices list that can provide you with information about the support for a scanner and its status.
The uscanner 4 manual page also provides a list of supported USB scanners. According to your scanner interface, different device drivers are required. Should you decide to use a custom kernel, be sure that the following lines are present in your kernel configuration file:. Depending upon the USB chipset on your motherboard, you will only need either device uhci or device ohci , however having both in the kernel configuration file is harmless.
If you do not want to rebuild your kernel and your kernel is not the GENERIC one, you can directly load the uscanner 4 device driver module with the kldload 8 command:. After rebooting with the correct kernel, or after loading the required module, plug in your USB scanner. The scanner should appear in your system message buffer dmesg 8 as something like:.
According to the SCSI chipset used, you will have to tune your kernel configuration file. In addition to the SCSI adapter driver, you need to have the following lines in your kernel configuration file:. Once your kernel has been properly compiled, you should be able to see the devices in your system message buffer, when booting:. If your scanner was not powered-on at system boot, it is still possible to manually force the detection by performing a SCSI bus scan with the camcontrol 8 command:.
More details about SCSI devices, are available in the scsi 4 and camcontrol 8 manual pages. The backends part provides access to the scanner itself. The SANE 's supported devices list specifies which backend will support your image scanner. It is mandatory to determine the correct backend for your scanner if you want to be able to use your device.
The frontends part provides the graphical scanning interface xscanimage. Then, use the sane-find-scanner command to check the scanner detection by the SANE system:. The output will show the interface type of the scanner and the device node used to attach the scanner to the system.
The vendor and the product model may not appear, it is not important. Notatka: Some USB scanners require you to load a firmware, this is explained in the backend manual page.
You should also read sane-find-scanner 1 and sane 7 manual pages. Now we have to check if the scanner will be identified by a scanning frontend. By default, the SANE backends comes with a command line tool called scanimage 1. This command allows you to list the devices and to perform an image acquisition from the command line.
The -L option is used to list the scanner device:. No output or a message saying that no scanners were identified indicates that scanimage 1 is unable to identify the scanner. If this happens, you will need to edit the backend configuration file and define the scanner device used. This identification problem does appear with certain USB scanners. For example, with the USB scanner used in the Sekcja 7. We can now check if the scanner is correctly identified:.
Be sure to read the help comments in the backends configuration files. Line changes are quite simple: comment out all lines that have the wrong interface for your scanner in our case, we will comment out all lines starting with the word scsi as our scanner uses the USB interface , then add at the end of the file a line specifying the interface and the device node used. In this case, we add the following line:. Please be sure to read the comments provided in the backend configuration file as well as the backend manual page for more details and correct syntax to use.
We can now verify if the scanner is identified:. Our USB scanner has been identified. It is not important if the brand and the model do not match. Once the scanimage -L command is able to see the scanner, the configuration is complete. The device is now ready to scan. While scanimage 1 does allow us to perform an image acquisition from the command line, it is preferable to use a graphical user interface to perform image scanning.
This frontend offers advanced features such as various scanning mode photocopy, fax, etc. Both of these applications are useable as a GIMP plugin. All previous operations have been done with root privileges. You may however, need other users to have access to the scanner. The user will need read and write permissions to the device node used by the scanner. Adding the user joe to the operator group will allow him to use the scanner:.
For more details read the pw 8 manual page. More information regarding these lines can be found in the devfs 8 manual page. Notatka: Of course, for security reasons, you should think twice before adding a user to any group, especially the operator group.
Ma to wiele zalet:. Szybszy czas uruchamiania systemu. Jest to architektura komputera. Opcja ta potrzebna jest w systemach FreeBSD 5. X, jak np. Kontrolery SCSI. Peryferia SCSI. Wymagane sterowniki scbus i da. Sterowniki ISA Ethernet. Rozszerzenie PAE ang. FreeBSD can be used to print with a wide variety of printers, from the oldest impact printer to the latest laser printers, and everything in between, allowing you to produce high-quality printed output from the applications you run.
How to install print filters, to handle special print jobs differently, including converting incoming documents to print formats that your printers understand.
How to control printer restrictions, including limiting the size of print jobs, and preventing certain users from printing. It is the standard printer control system in FreeBSD. This chapter introduces LPD and will guide you through its configuration. If you are already familiar with LPD or another printer spooling system, you may wish to skip to section Basic Setup. LPD controls everything about a host's printers. It is responsible for a number of things:. It enables users to submit files to be printed; these submissions are known as jobs.
It prevents multiple users from accessing a printer at the same time by maintaining a queue for each printer. It can print header pages also known as banner or burst pages so users can easily find jobs they have printed in a stack of printouts. It can run special filters to format jobs to be printed for various printer languages or printer capabilities. If you are the sole user of your system, you may be wondering why you should bother with the spooler when you do not need access control, header pages, or printer accounting.
While it is possible to enable direct access to a printer, you should use the spooler anyway since:. LPD prints jobs in the background; you do not have to wait for data to be copied to the printer. You will not have to do these steps manually. Many free and commercial programs that provide a print feature usually expect to talk to the spooler on your system. By setting up the spooling system, you will more easily support other software you may later add or already have.
To use printers with the LPD spooling system, you will need to set up both your printer hardware and the LPD software. This document describes two levels of setup:. See section Simple Printer Setup to learn how to connect a printer, tell LPD how to communicate with it, and print plain text files to the printer. See section Advanced Printer Setup to learn how to print a variety of special file formats, to print header pages, to print across a network, to control access to printers, and to do printer accounting.
This section tells how to configure printer hardware and the LPD software to use the printer. It teaches the basics:. Section Hardware Setup gives some hints on connecting the printer to a port on your computer. If you are setting up a printer that uses a network protocol to accept data to print instead of a computer's local interfaces, see Printers With Networked Data Stream Interfaces. Getting the printer to work with your computer and the LPD spooler is the hardest part. The advanced options like header pages and accounting are fairly easy once you get the printer working.
This section tells about the various ways you can connect a printer to your PC. It talks about the kinds of ports and cables, and also the kernel configuration you may need to enable FreeBSD to speak to the printer. If you have already connected your printer and have successfully printed with it under another operating system, you can probably skip to section Software Setup.
Printers sold for use on PC's today generally come with one or more of the following three interfaces:. Serial interfaces, also known as RS or COM ports, use a serial port on your computer to send data to the printer.
Serial interfaces are common in the computer industry and cables are readily available and also easy to construct. Serial interfaces sometimes need special cables and might require you to configure somewhat complex communications options. Most PC serial ports have a maximum transmission rate of bps, which makes printing large graphic print jobs with them impractical. Parallel interfaces use a parallel port on your computer to send data to the printer.
Parallel interfaces are common in the PC market and are faster than RS serial. Cables are readily available but more difficult to construct by hand. There are usually no communications options with parallel interfaces, making their configuration exceedingly simple. Cables are simple and cheap. A way to avoid this problem is to purchase a printer that has both a USB interface and a Parallel interface, as many printers do.
In general, Parallel interfaces usually offer just one-way communication computer to printer while serial and USB gives you two-way. Two-way communication to the printer over a parallel port is generally done in one of two ways.
The first method uses a custom-built printer driver for FreeBSD that speaks the proprietary language used by the printer.
This is common with inkjet printers and can be used for reporting ink levels and other status information. The second method is used when the printer supports PostScript. PostScript jobs are actually programs sent to the printer; they need not produce paper at all and may return results directly to the computer. PostScript also uses two-way communication to tell the computer about problems, such as errors in the PostScript program or paper jams.
Your users may be appreciative of such information. Furthermore, the best way to do effective accounting with a PostScript printer requires two-way communication: you ask the printer for its page count how many pages it has printed in its lifetime , then send the user's job, then ask again for its page count. Subtract the two values and you know how much paper to charge to the user. To hook up a printer using a parallel interface, connect the Centronics cable between the printer and the computer.
The instructions that came with the printer, the computer, or both should give you complete guidance. Remember which parallel port you used on the computer.
The first parallel port is ppc0 to FreeBSD; the second is ppc1 , and so on. To hook up a printer using a serial interface, connect the proper serial cable between the printer and the computer.
A modem cable connects each pin of the connector on one end of the cable straight through to its corresponding pin of the connector on the other end.
A null-modem cable connects some pins straight through, swaps others send data to receive data, for example , and shorts some internally in each connector hood. A serial printer cable, required for some unusual printers, is like the null-modem cable, but sends some signals to their counterparts instead of being internally shorted.
You should also set up the communications parameters for the printer, usually through front-panel controls or DIP switches on the printer. Choose the highest bps bits per second, sometimes baud rate that both your computer and the printer can support. Choose 7 or 8 data bits; none, even, or odd parity; and 1 or 2 stop bits. Remember these settings for the software configuration that follows. Configure your kernel, if necessary, for the port you are using for the printer; section Kernel Configuration tells you what you need to do.
Set the communications mode for the parallel port, if you are using a parallel port; section Setting the Communication Mode for the Parallel Port gives details. Test if the operating system can send data to the printer. Section Checking Printer Communications gives some suggestions on how to do this. You will find out how to do this later in this chapter. The operating system kernel is compiled to work with a specific set of devices.
The serial or parallel interface for your printer is a part of that set. Therefore, it might be necessary to add support for an additional serial or parallel port if your kernel is not already configured for one. Where N is the number of the serial port, starting from zero. If you see output similar to the following:. Where N is the number of the parallel port, starting from zero.
You might have to reconfigure your kernel in order for the operating system to recognize and use the parallel or serial port you are using for the printer. To add support for a serial port, see the section on kernel configuration. To add support for a parallel port, see that section and the section that follows. When you are using the parallel interface, you can choose whether FreeBSD should use interrupt-driven or polled communication with the printer.
The generic printer device driver lpt 4 on FreeBSD uses the ppbus 4 system, which controls the port chipset with the ppc 4 driver. With this method, the operating system uses an IRQ line to determine when the printer is ready for data. The polled method directs the operating system to repeatedly ask the printer if it is ready for more data. When it responds ready, the kernel sends more data. The interrupt-driven method is usually somewhat faster but uses up a precious IRQ line.
Some newer HP printers are claimed not to work correctly in interrupt mode, apparently due to some not yet exactly understood timing problem. These printers need polled mode. You should use whichever one works. Some printers will work in both modes, but are painfully slow in interrupt mode. You can set the communications mode in two ways: by configuring the kernel or by using the lptcontrol 8 program. To set the communications mode by configuring the kernel:.
Edit your kernel configuration file. Look for an ppc0 entry. If you are setting up the second parallel port, use ppc1 instead. Use ppc2 for the third port, and so on. The kernel configuration file must also contain the ppc 4 driver:. In some cases, this is not enough to put the port in polled mode under FreeBSD. Most of time it comes from acpi 4 driver, this latter is able to probe and attach devices, and therefore, control the access mode to the printer port.
You should check your acpi 4 configuration to correct this problem. Save the file. Then configure, build, and install the kernel, then reboot. See kernel configuration for more details. To set the communications mode with lptcontrol 8 :. See lptcontrol 8 for more information. Before proceeding to configure the spooling system, you should make sure the operating system can successfully send data to your printer.
It is a lot easier to debug printer communication and the spooling system separately. To test the printer, we will send some text to it. For printers that can immediately print characters sent to them, the program lptest 1 is perfect: it generates all 96 printable ASCII characters in 96 lines. For a PostScript or other language-based printer, we will need a more sophisticated test. A small PostScript program, such as the following, will suffice:. The above PostScript code can be placed into a file and used as shown in the examples appearing in the following sections.
Although PCL has great functionality, you can intermingle plain text with its escape sequences. PostScript cannot directly print plain text, and that is the kind of printer language for which we must make special accommodations. This section tells you how to check if FreeBSD can communicate with a printer connected to a parallel port.
Become root with su 1. If the printer can print plain text, then use lptest 1. If the printer understands PostScript or other printer language, then send a small program to the printer. Where file is the name of the file containing the program you want to send to the printer. You should see something print.
Do not worry if the text does not look right; we will fix such things later. Where port is the device entry for the serial port ttyd0 , ttyd1 , etc. Here is a sample entry for a printer connected via a serial line to the third serial port at bps with no parity:.
Connect to the printer with tip 1. Type the program, line by line, very carefully as backspacing or other editing keys may be significant to the printer. You may also need to type a special end-of-file key for the printer so it knows it received the whole program. Where file is the name of the file containing the program.
After tip 1 sends the file, press any required end-of-file key. Do not worry if the text does not look right; we will fix that later. At this point, your printer should be hooked up, your kernel configured to communicate with it if necessary , and you have been able to send some simple data to the printer. Now, we are ready to configure LPD to control access to your printer. The LPD spooling system reads this file each time the spooler is used, so updates to the file take immediate effect.
The format of the printcap 5 file is straightforward. For complete information about the format, see the cgetent 3. Turn off header pages which are on by default by inserting the sh capability; see the Suppressing Header Pages section for more information. Make a spooling directory, and specify its location with the sd capability; see the Making the Spooling Directory section for more information.
Also, if the printer is on a serial port, set up the communication parameters with the ms capability which is discussed in the Configuring Spooler Communications Parameters section. Install a plain text input filter; see the Installing the Text Filter section for details.
Test the setup by printing something with the lpr 1 command. More details are available in the Trying It Out and Troubleshooting sections. Notatka: Language-based printers, such as PostScript printers, cannot directly print plain text.
The simple setup outlined above and described in the following sections assumes that if you are installing such a printer you will print only files that the printer can understand. Users often expect that they can print plain text to any of the printers installed on your system. Programs that interface to LPD to do their printing usually make the same assumption.
If you are installing such a printer and want to be able to print jobs in the printer language and print plain text jobs, you are strongly urged to add an additional step to the simple setup outlined above: install an automatic plain-text-to- PostScript or other printer language conversion program.
The first easy step is to pick a name for your printer. It really does not matter whether you choose functional or whimsical names since you can also provide a number of aliases for the printer. This is the default printer's name. Also, it is common practice to make the last alias for a printer be a full description of the printer, including make and model. The name of the printer should start in the leftmost column.
Separate each alias with a vertical bar and put a colon after the last alias. In this example, the first printer is named rattan and has as aliases line , diablo , lp , and Diablo Line Printer. Since it has the alias lp , it is also the default printer. The LPD spooling system will by default print a header page for each job. The header page contains the user name who requested the job, the host from which the job came, and the name of the job, in nice large letters.
Unfortunately, all this extra text gets in the way of debugging the simple printer setup, so we will suppress header pages. Note how we used the correct format: the first line starts in the leftmost column, and subsequent lines are indented. Every line in an entry except the last ends in a backslash character.
The next step in the simple spooler setup is to make a spooling directory , a directory where print jobs reside until they are printed, and where a number of other spooler support files live. It is not necessary to backup the contents of spooling directories, either. Recreating them is as simple as running mkdir 1.
It is also customary to make the directory with a name that is identical to the name of the printer, as shown below:. However, if you have a lot of printers on your network, you might want to put the spooling directories under a single directory that you reserve just for printing with LPD. We will do this for our two example printers rattan and bamboo :.
Notatka: If you are concerned about the privacy of jobs that users print, you might want to protect the spooling directory so it is not publicly accessible. Spooling directories should be owned and be readable, writable, and searchable by user daemon and group daemon, and no one else. We will do this for our example printers:. You specify the pathname of the spooling directory with the sd capability:. Note that the name of the printer starts in the first column but all other entries describing the printer should be indented and each line end escaped with a backslash.
Now, we tell LPD that information. When the spooling system has a job to print, it will open the specified device on behalf of the filter program which is responsible for passing data to the printer. If the printer you are installing is connected to a parallel port, skip to the section entitled, Installing the Text Filter. Otherwise, be sure to follow the instructions in the next section. For printers on serial ports, LPD can set up the bps rate, parity, and other serial communication parameters on behalf of the filter program that sends data to the printer.
This is advantageous since:. It enables the spooling system to use the same filter program for multiple printers which may have different serial communication settings. Sets the communications speed of the device to bps-rate , where bps-rate can be 50, 75, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , or bits-per-second.
Sets the options for the terminal device after opening the device. When LPD opens the device specified by the lp capability, it sets the characteristics of the device to those specified with the ms capability. Of particular interest will be the parenb , parodd , cs5 , cs6 , cs7 , cs8 , cstopb , crtscts , and ixon modes, which are explained in the stty 1 manual page.
Let us add to our example printer on the sixth serial port. We will set the bps rate to For the mode, we will set no parity with -parenb , 8-bit characters with cs8 , no modem control with clocal and hardware flow control with crtscts :. We are now ready to tell LPD what text filter to use to send jobs to the printer.
A text filter , also known as an input filter , is a program that LPD runs when it has a job to print. When LPD runs the text filter for a printer, it sets the filter's standard input to the job to print, and its standard output to the printer device specified with the lp capability.
The filter is expected to read the job from standard input, perform any necessary translation for the printer, and write the results to standard output, which will get printed. For more information on the text filter, see the Filters section. FreeBSD comes with another filter called lpf that handles backspacing and underlining for printers that might not deal with such character streams well.
And, of course, you can use any other filter program you want. The filter lpf is described in detail in section entitled lpf: a Text Filter. Put the following text into that file with your favorite text editor:. This variable defaults to NO. If you have not done so already, add the line:. You have reached the end of the simple LPD setup. Unfortunately, congratulations are not quite yet in order, since we still have to test the setup and correct any problems.
To test the setup, try printing something. To print with the LPD system, you use the command lpr 1 , which submits a job for printing. You can combine lpr 1 with the lptest 1 program, introduced in section Checking Printer Communications to generate some test text. To test the simple LPD setup:. To test the default printer, type lpr 1 without any -P argument. Again, if you are testing a printer that expects PostScript , send a PostScript program in that language instead of using lptest 1.
You can do so by putting the program in a file and typing lpr file. For a PostScript printer, you should get the results of the program. If you are using lptest 1 , then your results should look like the following:. To further test the printer, try downloading larger programs for language-based printers or running lptest 1 with different arguments.
For example, lptest 80 60 will produce 60 lines of 80 characters each. If the printer did not work, see the Troubleshooting section. This section describes filters for printing specially formatted files, header pages, printing across networks, and restricting and accounting for printer usage. Although LPD handles network protocols, queuing, access control, and other aspects of printing, most of the real work happens in the filters. Filters are programs that communicate with the printer and handle its device dependencies and special requirements.
In the simple printer setup, we installed a plain text filter--an extremely simple one that should work with most printers section Installing the Text Filter. However, in order to take advantage of format conversion, printer accounting, specific printer quirks, and so on, you should understand how filters work.
It will ultimately be the filter's responsibility to handle these aspects. And the bad news is that most of the time you have to provide filters yourself. The good news is that many are generally available; when they are not, they are usually easy to write.
It handles backspacing and tabs in the file, and does accounting, but that is about all it does. Section How Filters Work , tries to give an overview of a filter's role in the printing process. This knowledge could help you anticipate and debug problems you might encounter as you install more and more filters on each of your printers.
LPD expects every printer to be able to print plain text by default. This presents a problem for PostScript or other language-based printers which cannot directly print plain text.
You should read this section if you have a PostScript printer. PostScript is a popular output format for many programs. Some people even write PostScript code directly. Unfortunately, PostScript printers are expensive. You should read this section if you do not have a PostScript printer. Section Conversion Filters tells about a way you can automate the conversion of specific file formats, such as graphic or typesetting data, into formats your printer can understand. After reading this section, you should be able to set up your printers such that users can type lpr -t to print troff data, or lpr -d to print TeX DVI data, or lpr -v to print raster image data, and so forth.
I recommend reading this section. Unless you are printing header pages see Header Pages , you can probably skip that section altogether. Section lpf: a Text Filter describes lpf , a fairly complete if simple text filter for line printers and laser printers that act like line printers that comes with FreeBSD.
If you need a quick way to get printer accounting working for plain text, or if you have a printer which emits smoke when it sees backspace characters, you should definitely consider lpf. As mentioned before, a filter is an executable program started by LPD to handle the device-dependent part of communicating with the printer. When LPD wants to print a file in a job, it starts a filter program. For example, if the user typed lpr -t , LPD would start the troff filter, listed in the tf capability for the destination printer.
If the user wanted to print plain text, it would start the if filter this is mostly true: see Output Filters for details.
The text filter , confusingly called the input filter in LPD documentation, handles regular text printing. Think of it as the default filter.
LPD expects every printer to be able to print plain text by default, and it is the text filter's job to make sure backspaces, tabs, or other special characters do not confuse the printer. If you are in an environment where you have to account for printer usage, the text filter must also account for pages printed, usually by counting the number of lines printed and comparing that to the number of lines per page the printer supports.
The text filter is started with the following argument list:. A conversion filter converts a specific file format into one the printer can render onto paper. For example, ditroff typesetting data cannot be directly printed, but you can install a conversion filter for ditroff files to convert the ditroff data into a form the printer can digest and print.
Section Conversion Filters tells all about them. Conversion filters also need to do accounting, if you need printer accounting. Conversion filters are started with the following arguments:.
The output filter is used only if there is no text filter, or if header pages are enabled. In my experience, output filters are rarely used. Section Output Filters describe them. There are only two arguments to an output filter:. Filters should also exit with the following exit status:.
If the filter failed to print the file but wants LPD to try to print the file again. LPD will restart a filter if it exits with this status. If the filter failed to print the file and does not want LPD to try again. LPD will throw out the file. It uses the login, host, and accounting file arguments to make the accounting entries.
If you are shopping for filters, see if they are LPD-compatible. If they are, they must support the argument lists described above. If you plan on writing filters for general use, then have them support the same argument lists and exit codes. If you are the only user of your computer and PostScript or other language-based printer, and you promise to never send plain text to your printer and to never use features of various programs that will want to send plain text to your printer, then you do not need to worry about this section at all.
But, if you would like to send both PostScript and plain text jobs to the printer, then you are urged to augment your printer setup. To do so, we have the text filter detect if the arriving job is plain text or PostScript. If those are the first two characters in the job, we have PostScript , and can pass the rest of the job directly.
If those are not the first two characters in the file, then the filter will convert the text into PostScript and print the result. If you have got a serial printer, a great way to do it is to install lprps. But more importantly, it includes a program called psif which detects whether the incoming job is plain text and calls textps another program that comes with lprps to convert it to PostScript.
It then uses lprps to send the job to the printer. You can fetch, build and install it yourself, of course. After installing lprps , just specify the pathname to the psif program that is part of lprps. You should also specify the rw capability; that tells LPD to open the printer in read-write mode. If you have a parallel PostScript printer and therefore cannot use two-way communication with the printer, which lprps needs , you can use the following shell script as the text filter:.
In the above script, textps is a program we installed separately to convert plain text to PostScript. You can use any text-to- PostScript program you wish. PostScript is the de facto standard for high quality typesetting and printing.
PostScript is, however, an expensive standard. Ghostscript can read most PostScript files and can render their pages onto a variety of devices, including many brands of non-PostScript printers. By installing Ghostscript and using a special text filter for your printer, you can make your non PostScript printer act like a real PostScript printer. You can fetch, build, and install it quite easily yourself, as well. To simulate PostScript , we have the text filter detect if it is printing a PostScript file.
If it is not, then the filter will pass the file directly to the printer; otherwise, it will use Ghostscript to first convert the file into a format the printer will understand. Here is an example: the following script is a text filter for Hewlett Packard DeskJet printers.
Type gs -h to get a list of devices the current installation of Ghostscript supports. Finally, you need to notify LPD of the filter via the if capability:. That is it. You can type lpr plain.
After completing the simple setup described in Simple Printer Setup , the first thing you will probably want to do is install conversion filters for your favorite file formats besides plain ASCII text.
Conversion filters make printing various kinds of files easy. As an example, suppose we do a lot of work with the TeX typesetting system, and we have a PostScript printer. The command sequence goes like this:. By installing a conversion filter for DVI files, we can skip the hand conversion step each time by having LPD do it for us. Now, each time we get a DVI file, we are just one step away from printing it:. Section Formatting and Conversion Options lists the conversion options.
A conversion filter is like the text filter for the simple printer setup see section Installing the Text Filter except that instead of printing plain text, the filter converts the file into a format the printer can understand. You should install the conversion filters you expect to use. If you have got plenty of troff to print out, then you probably want a troff filter. At your site, you can give new meanings to these or any of the formatting options just by installing custom filters.
For example, suppose you would like to directly print Printerleaf files files from the Interleaf desktop publishing program , but will never print plot files. In our example, we will add the DVI conversion filter to the entry for the printer named bamboo. Here is that script:. This script runs dvips in filter mode the -f argument on standard input, which is the job to print.
Since there is no fixed set of steps to install conversion filters, let me instead provide more examples. Use these as guidance to making your own filters. Use them directly, if appropriate.
The following script is a conversion filter for troff data from the groff typesetting system for the PostScript printer named bamboo :. The above script makes use of lprps again to handle the communication with the printer.
If the printer were on a parallel port, we would use this script instead:. We will install it for the printer teak :. Here is one final, somewhat complex example. Now, for the hard part: making the filter. It wants to work with a filename. What is worse, the filename has to end in. We can get around that problem by linking symbolically a temporary file name one that ends in.
Symbolic links are owned by user and group bin. The filter runs as user daemon. The filter can create the link, but it will not be able clean up when done and remove it since the link will belong to a different user. All these conversion filters accomplish a lot for your printing environment, but at the cost forcing the user to specify on the lpr 1 command line which one to use. If your users are not particularly computer literate, having to specify a filter option will become annoying.
What is worse, though, is that an incorrectly specified filter option may run a filter on the wrong type of file and cause your printer to spew out hundreds of sheets of paper. Rather than install conversion filters at all, you might want to try having the text filter since it is the default filter detect the type of file it has been asked to print and then automatically run the right conversion filter. Tools such as file can be of help here.
Of course, it will be hard to determine the differences between some file types--and, of course, you can still provide conversion filters just for them. The LPD spooling system supports one other type of filter that we have not yet explored: an output filter. An output filter is intended for printing plain text only, like the text filter, but with many simplifications.
If you are using an output filter but no text filter, then:. LPD starts an output filter once for the entire job instead of once for each file in the job. LPD does not make any provision to identify the start or the end of files within the job for the output filter.
LPD does not pass the user's login or host to the filter, so it is not intended to do accounting. In fact, it gets only two arguments:. Where width is from the pw capability and length is from the pl capability for the printer in question. Do not be seduced by an output filter's simplicity. If you would like each file in a job to start on a different page an output filter will not work. Use a text filter also known as an input filter ; see section Installing the Text Filter. Furthermore, an output filter is actually more complex in that it has to examine the byte stream being sent to it for special flag characters and must send signals to itself on behalf of LPD.
However, an output filter is necessary if you want header pages and need to send escape sequences or other initialization strings to be able to print the header page. But it is also futile if you want to charge header pages to the requesting user's account, since LPD does not give any user or host information to the output filter.
On a single printer, LPD allows both an output filter and text or other filters. In such cases, LPD will start the output filter to print the header page see section Header Pages only. If there is an output filter but no text filter and LPD is working on a plain text job, LPD uses the output filter to do the job. As stated before, the output filter will print each file of the job in sequence with no intervening form feeds or other paper advancement, and this is probably not what you want. In almost all cases, you need a text filter.
The program lpf , which we introduced earlier as a text filter, can also run as an output filter. If you need a quick-and-dirty output filter but do not want to write the byte detection and signal sending code, try lpf. You can also wrap lpf in a shell script to handle any initialization codes the printer might require. It can also act like an output filter. And although it has no capability to send initialization sequences to a printer, it is easy to write a shell script to do the needed initialization and then execute lpf.
It uses these values to determine how much text can fit on a page and how many pages were in a user's job. For more information on printer accounting, see Accounting for Printer Usage. If you have lots of users, all of them using various printers, then you probably want to consider header pages as a necessary evil.
Header pages, also known as banner or burst pages identify to whom jobs belong after they are printed. They are usually printed in large, bold letters, perhaps with decorative borders, so that in a stack of printouts they stand out from the real documents that comprise users' jobs.
They enable users to locate their jobs quickly. The obvious drawback to a header page is that it is yet one more sheet that has to be printed for every job, their ephemeral usefulness lasting not more than a few minutes, ultimately finding themselves in a recycling bin or rubbish heap. Note that header pages go with each job, not each file in a job, so the paper waste might not be that bad.
The LPD system can provide header pages automatically for your printouts if your printer can directly print plain text. If you have a PostScript printer, you will need an external program to generate the header page; see Header Pages on PostScript Printers. To enable header pages for a printer, just remove the sh capability. You are right. You might have to provide an output filter to send initialization strings to the printer.
Specify the path to the output filter in the of capability. See the Output Filters section for more information. Now, when users print jobs to teak , they get a header page with each job. If users want to spend time searching for their printouts, they can suppress header pages by submitting the job with lpr -h ; see the Header Page Options section for more lpr 1 options.
Notatka: LPD prints a form feed character after the header page. By enabling header pages, LPD will produce a long header , a full page of large letters identifying the user, host, and job. Here is an example kelly printed the job named outline from host rose :. The header page will look like this:.
Also by default, LPD prints the header page first, then the job. Using LPD 's built-in header pages enforces a particular paradigm when it comes to printer accounting: header pages must be free of charge. Because the output filter is the only external program that will have control when the header page is printed that could do accounting, and it is not provided with any user or host information or an accounting file, so it has no idea whom to charge for printer use.
They could still be charged for header pages they did not print. Basically, lpr -h will be the preferred option of environmentally-minded users, but you cannot offer any incentive to use it. It is still not enough to have each of the filters generate their own header pages thereby being able to charge for them. If users wanted the option of suppressing the header pages with lpr -h , they will still get them and be charged for them since LPD does not pass any knowledge of the -h option to any of the filters.
Write a smart output filter. Normally, an output filter is not meant to do anything more than initialize a printer or do some simple character conversion. It is suited for header pages and plain text jobs when there is no text input filter. But, if there is a text filter for the plain text jobs, then LPD will start the output filter only for the header pages. And the output filter can parse the header page text that LPD generates to determine what user and host to charge for the header page.
The only other problem with this method is that the output filter still does not know what accounting file to use it is not passed the name of the file from the af capability , but if you have a well-known accounting file, you can hard-code that into the output filter. Then again, all that might be too much trouble, and users will certainly appreciate the more generous system administrator who makes header pages free. As described above, LPD can generate a plain text header page suitable for many printers.
Of course, PostScript cannot directly print plain text, so the header page feature of LPD is useless--or mostly so. One obvious way to get header pages is to have every conversion filter and the text filter generate the header page.
The filters should use the user and host arguments to generate a suitable header page. The drawback of this method is that users will always get a header page, even if they submit jobs with lpr -h.
Let us explore this method. The following script takes three arguments user login name, host name, and job name and makes a simple PostScript header page:. Now, each of the conversion filters and the text filter can call this script to first generate the header page, and then print the user's job. Here is the DVI conversion filter from earlier in this document, modified to make a header page:. Notice how the filter has to parse the argument list in order to determine the user and host name.
The parsing for the other conversion filters is identical. The text filter takes a slightly different set of arguments, though see section How Filters Work.
If users wanted to save a tree or a few pennies, if you charge for header pages , they would not be able to do so, since every filter's going to print a header page with every job. To allow users to shut off header pages on a per-job basis, you will need to use the trick introduced in section Accounting for Header Pages : write an output filter that parses the LPD-generated header page and produces a PostScript version.
If the user submits the job with lpr -h , then LPD will not generate a header page, and neither will your output filter. Otherwise, your output filter will read the text from LPD and send the appropriate header page PostScript code to the printer. If you have a PostScript printer on a serial line, you can make use of lprps , which comes with an output filter, psof , which does the above.
Applications created this way can use data files such as icon library files, image files, font files, color table files, and ASCII text files. An interactive application may also obtain data on the fly by generating and receiving signals. The runtime motor loads into its memory only those resource files that it needs at any given time.
Resource files are selected from files with descriptions of graphics objects, files with sequences of instructions, and application files. Files with data blocks are written to memory as a result of calling the module loading procedure and remain in memory until the module removal procedure is called. Application examples are shown below, and each application will be described in more detail later: initiator application, runtime application, program guide, pay-per-view application application, personal computer charging application, internet browsing application, commercial application, banking application, quiz application, application Browse magazines and analyze weather or vehicle traffic analysis app.
Regarding the initiator application, the receiver-decoder is provided with a resident initiation application, which is an adaptive set of modules, allowing the receiver-decoder to operate immediately in an MPEG-2 environment.
The application provides basic memory features that can be modified if necessary by the operator of the broadcasting station. It also provides an interface between resident applications and loaded applications.
Regarding the startup application, it allows any application, both loaded and resident, to be run in the receiver-decoder. The application acts as a bootstrap, performed when a service arrives to start the application. The runtime application is loaded into RAM and can therefore be easily upgraded.
It is configured so that interactive applications available on each channel can be selected and run, both immediately after loading and after preloading. In the case of preloading, the application is loaded into memory and is activated as needed by the launch application.
The Program Guide is an interactive application that gives you complete information about a TV program. For example, it can provide information about the TV programs for the whole week provided on each channel of the digital TV offer. By pressing a key on remote control , the end user accesses an additional board superimposed on the events shown on the television screen The additional board is a browser that gives information about current and future events on each channel of the digital television offering.
By pressing another key in remote control , the end user accesses an application that displays a list of event information covering the entire week. The end user can also search and organize events according to simple and customized criteria. The end user can also access the selected channel directly. With regard to an internet browsing application, it enables the delivery of web pages to the end user. Receiver-decoder modem , or alternatively an external modem such as a V34 modem that can transfer data at up to First, assume that the receiver-decoder is in TV mode, that is, it extracts the TV program from the digital bitstream and delivers the dedicated TV program to the TV for display to the end user.
The application runs the program stored in the receiver-decoder to call the application and data server , using modem After establishing the connection between the receiver-decoder and the application and data server , the end user is informed about the connection to the Internet by means of the message displayed in television receiver. The end user enters a web command, such as a command to view a web page with a given ULR, into the receiver-decoder using the remote control The receiver-decoder sends a command to the application and data server via modem The application and data server receives the command and sends them to the Internet.
In response to this command, the Internet provides an Internet response, including a web page, to the application and data server The application and data server provides the response to the mux and the multiplexer and encoder , where it is integrated into the private section of the MPEG bitstream, transmitted to the transmitter and received by the receiver , as mentioned earlier.
Instead of delivering the website to the end user by displaying the website on the television receiver, the website is delivered to the end user by a computer connected to the receiver-box, typically via a parallel interface with a throughput of kilo bits per second.
If the user uses a personal computer in conjunction with the receiver-decoder, known web browsers such as Netscape or Microsoft Internet Explorer on the personal computer run without any modification to these applications, and a change is needed at the driver level, which will be described in detail below. Internet data flow is typically much more server-to-user than user-to-application and data server The Internet browsing application provides a high-speed television link for data intensive exchange, with a speed of typically 38 megabits per second.
Access time can be significantly reduced without the need for an expensive and complicated two-way TV link. In Figure 6, when operating in the internet mode, the user equipment 10 is connected to the application and data server via the PSTN public switched telephone network The application and data server connects in a known manner to the Internet 16 via partition Server application and data also connects to the user equipment 10 via a multiplexer and multiplexer and coder , transmitter , relay and receiver The driver level is modified compared to the browsing application, traditionally running on a personal computer, in that there is a division in the modem driver into communication with the network.
Various configurations of the user device 10 will now be described. Odbiomik-dekoder odbiera odpowiedzi internetowe w strumieniu danych z naziemnego odbiornika In figure 8 the personal computer is not used. The entire user software runs on the receiver-decoder The receiver-decoder connects to the PSTN telephone network 12 via an internal modem or optionally an external modem and serial port. The receiver-decoder receives internet responses on the data stream from the terrestrial receiver In this configuration, the user interface is provided by the remote control and the television receiver , connected to the receiver-decoder In figure 9, the configuration differs from that of figure 8 in that a personal computer 18 is used connected by a parallel port to the parallel port of the debuted decoder or optionally a serial port to the serial port of the receiver of the receiver In this case, the upper part of the programming layers of Fig.
The user interface is also provided by an 18K keyboard and an 18D monitor connected to the personal computer A high-speed external modem is used to provide faster data exchange than provided by the modem. In Figure 11, the configuration differs from that of Figure 10 in that a personal computer 18 is connected to the PSTN telephone network 12 via an external modem 18M connected to the serial port of the personal computer 18, or alternatively via the internal modem of the personal computer This configuration has this configuration.
The operation of the system in the internet mode will now be described with reference to the algorithms shown in Figures 13 and 14 which on the left illustrate processes performed by the user equipment 10 and which on the right illustrate processes performed by the application and data server In step 20, the user requests to switch to internet mode, for example by pressing the appropriate key on remote control or by pressing a plurality of keys to call up a menu and browse it to select internet mode.
Figures 13 and 14 show the remaining steps performed by the user equipment 10 triggered by the loaded web application. In step 24, the user equipment 10 causes the associated modem to call the downloaded application and data server phone number , and in step 26 a PSTN telephone network call is made.
In internet mode, the user has to place his smart card in one of the card readers , and in step 28, the user device 10 sends the smart card number over the PSTN telephone network link. The user equipment 10 then waits to receive the error message over the PSTN telephone network connection in step 30, to receive an acknowledgment over the PSTN telephone network connection in step 38, or timeout in step The user terminates the call at step Similarly, if there is a timeout in step 34, the error message is displayed on the TV screen or on the monitor 18D in step 36, the PSTN telephone network connection is cut in step 88, and the modem disconnects at step However, if an acknowledgment is received in step 38, the user may then execute the internet command in step 40, for example by specifying a unique URL resource location of the requested website or internet browser engine.
In step 42, the internet command is sent over a connection from the PSTN telephone network, and then the user equipment 10 waits to receive an error message on the PSTN telephone network link in step 44, to receive a data packet over a link from the PSTN in step 48, or for a timeout in the PSTN telephone network.
If an error message is received in step 44, the error message will be displayed in step 46 and the process then returns to step 40 to await another Internet command from the user. Similarly, if a timeout occurs at step 54, an error message is displayed at step 56 and the process returns to step 40 to wait for another internet command from the user.
If the data packet is received over the PSTN telephone network link in step 48, the data packet will contain sufficient information for the user equipment 10 to extract a web page from the MPEG-2 data stream received by the terrestrial receiver. The data packet may include an internet protocol address, identification Relay , service ID and bundle ID. In step 50, the user equipment 10 extracts a web page and in step 52 it is displayed on the user interface: TV or monitor 18D.
The process then returns to step 40 to wait for another Internet command from the user. As can be seen in Fig. Also, if the user equipment detects that the PSTN telephone network connection has been disconnected.
Figures 13 and 14 explain the operation of the application and data server In step 58, the application and data server modem waits for a ringing signal, and when it arrives, a connection to the PSTN telephone network is made in step In step 60, the application and data server waits to receive a smart card number, and when received, in step 62 checks if the received smart card number is valid, e. If the number is not valid, then in step 64 the application and data server sends the error message described above in relation to step 30 and then breaks the PSTN connection in step 96, freezes its modem; in step 94 and the process then returns to step 58 to await another ring signal.
If in step 62 the smart card number is determined to be valid, then in step 66 the application and data server sends the acknowledgment described above with respect to step 38 and then waits to receive the internet command described above with respect to step 42 in step If a timeout occurs, in step 96, the application and data server disconnects from the PSTN telephone network and suspends its modem in step However, if in step 74 the requested website is correctly received,.
Then, in step 82, the application and data server sends the website and data packet to the multiplexer and encoder , and the multiplexer and encoder sends the website to the received data packet for the user equipment 10 in step 50 described above.
The process then returns to step In Figure 14, if at any point in time the application and data server detects that the PSTN telephony network link has been broken, the application and data server suspends its modem at 94 and returns to step 58 to wait for a ring signal.
The operation of the system in the commercial mode will now be described. The trading application allows the user to make purchases without leaving the chair. Offers for the sale of goods or services or other products are.
Goods may be purchased with a purchase order entered into the receiver-decoder by the end user. Receiver-decoder modem or alternatively an external modem such as a V34 modem that can transmit data at up to First, assume that in operation, the receiver-set-top box is in TV mode, i. By pressing a key on remote control , the end user can activate the trading application by switching the receiver decoder to trading mode.
When the receiver-decoder is switched to trading mode, the application allows the receiver-decoder to extract the commercial data contained in the private section of the MPEG bitstream and display it on the TV screen In the first embodiment of the commercial application, offers of goods for sale are displayed on the television receiver by the television program currently broadcast by the broadcasting provider, e.
For example, the commercial data may contain a series of commands which will cause a television program to be displayed on the television screen simultaneously and usually one or more icons representing the goods currently shown on the television program and the purchase price.
The trade data contained in the MPEG bitstream is synchronized with the visual and acoustic signals contained in the stream, and when the goods shown on the TV program change, the trade data also changes and the icon is updated to represent the goods currently displayed on the TV screen. The catalog may be separate from the television program currently displayed on the television set Trading data can circulate continuously and each board can appear on the TV screen at regular intervals.
One or more boards may be shown On the television screen simultaneously, and the end user can navigate between the screens using the keys on remote control In any of the above embodiments, an end user may, if desired, purchase one of the goods displayed on a television program by pressing corresponding keys on remote control Additionally, in response to an order to purchase a specific good, the application may change the way displaying an icon representing that good.
After establishing the connection, the receiver-decoder sends the purchase order to the application and data server via the modem.
The application and data server receives and processes the order, such as a debit or credit card order that has been inserted into one of the card readers of the receiver-decoder More specifically, as shown in Fig. The communication server may be connected to the SMS circuit and product management 98 and the credit company's server The SMS system may be coupled to a product sales system S, which in turn may be coupled to a product management system 98, an application and data server , an encoding multiplexer system , a product provider , and a banking server The product management system 98 may also be connected to the application and data server The combination of the product sales system S with the multiplexer and the multiplexer and encoder system enables the video and audio signals of the commercial television program, as well as the product images, to be provided by the product sales system and integrated with the broadcast data stream.
Combine the S product sales system with 98 product management systems to provide catalog data. Catalog data includes, for each product, product references, product name, product description, product price, and product image ID number. Thus, directory data is provided to the application and data server The combination of the product sales chip S with the application and data server enables the catalog to be delivered to the application and data server The list contains a list of time points and for each point of time the product references to be advertised from that point in time.
The connection of the application and data server with the multiplexer and coding system enables the commercial application to be sent, the catalog data to be sent and the synchronization data to be sent, which contains the product references currently subject to the video and audio data supplied by the product sales system S directly to the multiplexer and coding system In Figure 16, the elements of the broadcast MPEG-2 bit stream relating to the television commercial program and commercial application include a video section and one or more audio sections of the television program, along with a private section.
The private section contains a trade application to be run by the receiver-decoder , the telephone number of the communication server , synchronization data containing product references that are currently the subject of a commercial television program, catalog data containing, for each product, name, description, references and the price of the product, along with an image ID number showing the product, and the images and product image ID numbers. Figures show the operation of the system in the commercial mode.
In figure 17, when the trading program is selected, in step the receiver-decoder loads and starts the trading application and loads the associated data. The remaining steps performed by receiver-decoder in Figures 17 and 21 are triggered by the loaded merchant application. At step , the commercial program is displayed on the television set , and Fig. The picture of the broadcasted program covers most of the board. However, two icons are also displayed, one icon for selecting impulse purchase and the other icon for selecting purchases by catalog.
One of the icons , is selected by default as shown for example by bold. The user may change the selected icon by using the Up and Down keys on remote control and may then use the icon which is selected by pressing the key. OK on remote control After the step in Fig.
When one of the icons , is selected, it is animated. If the directory icon is used in step , then the receiver'k-decoder causes the display of a screen, for example as shown in Fig.
A series of thumbnail images of the advertised products are displayed at the bottom of the screen, along with a return key One of the thumbnails is selected by default and preferably this thumbnail is for the product that was currently displayed when the catalog icon was selected in step Top, the right portion of the board is used to display a large image of the product that is currently selected, the image and thumbnails being taken from the image data described with reference to Fig.
The upper left portion of the board is used to display the product name, description and price, which is currently selected. In step , the process allows the user to change the selected thumbnail by pressing the left arrow key or the right arrow key on remote control Consequently, thumbnail is selected on the left or right and image and name, description.
If the number of products offered is greater than the number of thumbnail slots, then scrolling may be used. At step , if the user presses the OK key on remote control while the return key is selected, the process returns to step where the normal trading screen of Fig. However, if the user presses the OK key on the remote control , when one of the thumbnails is selected, then in step the receiver-decoder records the product references of the selected thumbnail. After step or , in step the receiver-decoder causes the television screen to display a commercial type board as shown in Fig.
The top part of the board is similar to that shown in Fig. One of the keys is selected by default, as shown by the bold outline around the key, the selection being changed by pressing the left arrow key or the right arrow key of remote control The currently selected key can then be used by pressing the OK key on remote control In step , if the OK key is pressed while the return key is selected, the process returns to step , which displays the normal trading screen of Fig.
If the OK key is pressed when the return key is selected. These processes may include further steps not shown. In step i40, the receiver-decoder prompts the user to use the TV to input the correct PlN code via remote control for the card that has been inserted into card reader Then, in step i48, the receiver-decoder causes its modem to call a telephone number contained in the downloaded data, and in step i50, a PSTN telephone network connection is made with the communication server In step i52, the receiver-decoder sends a product order in the form of the user's smart card number, which is inserted into the second card reader , the product reference of the ordered product, the type of payment, i.
Whichever response is received, it is displayed on the television screen at step i Receiver-decoder then receives a disconnect signal from the communication server in step i58, and then causes its modem to suspend in step i Referring now to the right side of Fig.
Upon receiving it, it places a PSTN telephone network connection in step i The communication server then receives the product order from the receiver of the cadecoder as described above in relation to step i In step i66 the communication server checks if the provided smart card number is valid with reference to SMS subscriber management chip If it is invalid, then in step i68 the communication server sends over the PSTN telephone network i2 the error message described with reference to to step i54, step i70 sends the PSTN handoff described in step i58, suspends its modem in step i72, and then returns to step i62 to wait for the next ring signal.
If the smart card number is deemed valid in step i66, then in step i74 the communications server determines with reference to the product management system 98 whether the provided product reference data is valid. If not, then operation proceeds to step i68 described above. If it is determined in step i80 that the credit card transaction was not successful, then the process moves to step i68 described above.
However, if the transaction is successful, the process moves to step i Na fig. In step i82, the communication server determines the actual cost of the transaction. It may take into account, for example, the discount information for the given user provided by the SMS system Then, in step i84, the communication server sends the order confirmation described above with respect to step i In Fig.
Alternatively or more preferably, step i82 may occur just before step i76 or immediately after step i78 and immediately after step i The communication server then places an order via SMS in the S product sales system, with the SMS chip providing additional information to the S product sales system,. By inserting a bank card, such as a credit card, into one of the card readers of the receiver-decoder , the end user can, for example, obtain over the telephone line the account balance, transfer funds between accounts, send a request for a check book, etc.
The receiver-decoder modem, or alternatively an external modem such as a V34 modem that can transfer data at up to Although there is no requirement for the end user to enter his banking details such as account number. If the entered PIN does not match the number saved in the bank card, access to the banking mode is blocked. The banking application causes a number of amenities that can be selected using the remote control to be displayed on the television screen, for example, getting the account balance over the telephone line, transferring money between accounts, submitting a bank book request, etc.
After the end-user selects the desired facility, using the appropriate keys on the remote control, the receiver-decoder calls the user's banking organization using the telephone number stored in the bank card or in the receiver-decoder and sends the received banking instruction to the banking organization.
In response to an end-user request, the application may cause the icon relating to the facility requested by the end user to change its appearance. The banking organization receives and processes this request. Alternatively, in response to a request to transfer funds from one account to another, the organization produces a request response that is similarly sent to the receiver-decoder via modem. The acknowledgment or reply is received by the receiver-decoder and delivered to the end user for the confirmation or reply to be displayed on the TV screen.
In response to an acknowledgment or reply, the application may cause the icon relating to the facility requested by the end user to change its appearance. The private section contains a banking application, intended to be run in the receiver-decoder, tele Audio communication server and pictures and picture identification numbers used by the banking application.
Figure 23 also shows the receiver-decoder that may be coupled to a communication server via the PSTN telephone network 12, and the communication server is in turn coupled to an SMS subscriber management system and various banking servers A to C. When operating in banking mode, one of the card readers is used to read the user's smart card, and the other card reader is used to read the user's bank card. Figures 24 and 25 describe the operation of the circuit in banking mode with respect to algorithms.
In each of these figures, the left side of the graph illustrates the operation of the receiver-decoder and the right side of the graph shows the operation of the rest of the system. In step , the user requests to establish a banking mode, for example by pressing the appropriate key on remote control or by pressing a series of keys to call up a menu and cycle through its options to select banking mode.
The remaining steps performed by the receiver-decoder in Figures 24 and 25 are triggered by the loaded banking application. In step , the receiver-decoder causes the television to display a request that the user insert his bank card into one of the card readers In step , the receiver-decoder reads the bank card and then causes the television to display requesting the user to enter their bank card PIN using the numeric keys of remote control In step , the receiver-decoder sends to the communication server the number of the smart card inserted in the second card reader, the user's bank identification number as read from the bank card, the bank card number and the code.
The receiver decoder then waits to receive either an error message from the communication server in step or the status information from the communication server in step If an error message is received, this message is displayed in step , and then in step odbiomik-decoder breaks the connection and freezes the modem.
W etapie odbiomik-dekoder If the receiver-decoder receives status information at step , status information 0 will include, in one example, the balance of the user's current account and summary information of the last nine transactions on the current account, a list of the previous month's transactions related to the user's credit card account, and others. Examples of options are: view your current account balance, view your credit card balance, view other information, view your deposit account balance, transfer from an escrow account to a current account, transfer from your current account to a credit card account, loan facilities, request your account balance in writing and ask for a checkbook.
The key corresponding to one of these options is selected by default and the selection can be changed by using the left, right, up or down arrow keys on the remote control. Then, when the OK key is pressed by the user, the current selected option.
In step , if one of the options related to the status information is selected, in step the relevant information is displayed on the television screen , and then the process returns to step so that other options may be selected.
If one of the other options is selected in step , the receiver-decoder requests all necessary information from the user, such as the sum to be transferred, which is then input by the user using remote control circuit Then, in step , the receiver-decoder sends the appropriate instruction to the communication server The receiver-decoder then waits to receive in step the response or acknowledgment of the instruction, along with the updated status information. The received acknowledgment or response is then displayed on the television screen at step , then the process returns to step and the user may select other options.
As an alternative of receiving a request for status information in step or a request for action in step , the receiver-decoder may in this step respond to the user instruction to terminate the work in step and in this case, in step , the receiver-decoder sends a telephone network break signal. PSTN, then in step suspend its modem to complete the banking operation. Operation of the communication server as shown in FIGS. Communication server then waits in step.
Upon receipt in step , the communication server checks the validity of the smart card number with reference to SMS If the smart card is deemed invalid, then in step the communication server sends a message of the error described above with respect to step Next, the communication server disconnects the PSTN telephone network and suspends its modem in step , then proceeds to step to wait for another ring signal.
If in step the smartcard number is deemed valid, then in step the communication server connects to the appropriate banking server A to C according to the determined bank identification number provided by the receiver and decoder In step , if the call cannot be made then the process moves to step described above. However, if the connection is successful, then in step the communication server obtains from the banking server the correct status information regarding the provided bank card number.
The communication server then waits in step to either receive from the bouncer of the instruction sent as a result of step described above, or in step to receive the PSTN telephone network disconnection signal sent as a result of step described above.
If the PSTN telephone network disconnect signal is received in step , then in step the communication server suspends its modem, and then the process proceeds to step to wait for another ring signal. However, if the instruction is received in step , the communication server forwards it to the banking server without changing the instruction, but only modifying the communication protocol if necessary.
In step the communication server receives the response or acknowledgment and updated status information from the banking server and in step forwards this information to the receiver-decoder where it is received in step described above, again without changing the data, but only modifying the communication protocol. Zostanie teraz opisany quizowy tryb pracy. The quiz application is preferably synchronized with the broadcast quiz program and allows the end-user to actively participate in the quiz program, with the receiver-decoder being able to check the end-user responses and optionally saving the end user's results.
The question data and answer data related to and synchronized with the content of the TV quiz extracted from the MPEG bitstream are included in the private section of the MPEG bitstream and are extracted from the stream by the dbiomic-decoder The question is usually of the type: choose one of several possible answers, where the question contains multiple possible answers to the question.
The query data is displayed on the television screen, typically as multiple icons or multiple numbered keys. Within a specified period of time or during an answer session, such as typically a dozen or so seconds, the end-user may select one of the question answers displayed on the television screen using the remote control The answer data corresponding to the question data , are extracted by the receiver-decoder from the MPEG bitstream and delivered to the television set Question data is only transmitted at the end of a question session or the beginning of an answer session.
No question data is transmitted during the remaining reply session time. In order to answer a given question, the end-user must enter quieter mode during the question session, otherwise they will lose these questions and the first question to be displayed on the TV screen will be the next question.
When a new question is asked on the television program, the question data and answer data included in the MPEG data stream change to correspond to that question. The application can record the user's results and display the results on the TV screen. In Figure 26, elements of the broadcast MPEG-2 bit stream relating to a quiz program include a quiz visual section and one or more quiz audio sections in the private section.
The private section contains a quit application to be run by the receiver-decoder , timing data that may indicate the start of the response session and the number of possible responses and the end of the response session and the number of correct responses, and various animations.
W etapie , do zmiennej wyniku jest wpisywane zero. Jest on odbierany przez odbiornik-dekoder w etapie , a w etapie odbiomik-dekoder wydziela N odpowiedzi.
In step , the user selects the quench program and the quail mode, and as a result, in step , the sound application and animations are loaded and installed in the receiver-decoder In step , zero is written to the result variable. On a broadcast television program, the questioner typically asks a question that has a certain number of N possible answers, and then allows a certain amount of time to answer in an answer session.
At the start of a reply session, an initial timing signal is transmitted containing the N number of possible answers to the question asked.
It is received by the receiver-decoder in step , and in step , the receiver-decoder extracts N responses. In step , an animation of, for example, people is also displayed.
Receiver-decoder then waits to receive the final sync signal at step , or waits for the user to press one of the numbered keys 1 through N of the remote control. If the final timing signal is received before one of the keys 1 to N is pressed, the user is too late to answer the question, and therefore, in step , an animation is displayed on the television screen too late. The process then proceeds to step However, if one of the remote control keys 1 to N is pressed in step , the number A of the pressed key is noted in step , and in step the correct A key displayed on the TV screen , is highlighted, for example, by bold outline.
In step , a waiting animation is also displayed on the television screen Then, in step , the receiver-decoder waits to receive the final synchronization signal that includes the C number of the correct answer. In step , the receiver-decoder extracts the correct response number C from the final sync signal, and then in step it checks if the numbers A and C are equal.
If they are not equal, then in step the receiver-decoder causes the TV screen to display a sad face animation, and then the process proceeds to step However, if in step the numbers A and C are made equal, in step the receiver-decoder causes the television receiver to display an animation of a happy face, and then in step it increases the value of the variable score.
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